For orbital spaceflights, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the Earth or around other celestial bodies. On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a space vehicle enters space and then returns to the surface without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full Earth orbit. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket). Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. Expendable and reusable launch vehiclesĪ spacecraft ( PL: spacecraft) is a vehicle that is designed to fly in outer space and operate there.( Columbia 's maiden launch, which had a white external tank, shown) More than 140 Soviet and Russian crewed Soyuz spacecraft ( TMA version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the International Space Station. ![]() The US Space Shuttle flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, Mir, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the International Space Station. For other uses, see Orbital vehicle (disambiguation). Retrieved 25 August 2023."Orbital vehicle" redirects here. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. ![]() Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022.
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